Steam Theory 1. Basics of Steam What is Steam? Principal Applications for Steam Types of Steam Flash Steam How to Read a Steam Table 2. Steam Heating Heating with Steam Steam Heating Mechanism Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient What is Vacuum Steam? Tracing the Causes of Heat Maintenance Issues 3. Basics of Steam Traps What is a Steam Trap? The History of Steam Traps #1 The History of Steam Traps #2 How Mechanical Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanism and Merits How Disc Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanism and Merits How Bimetal-Type Thermostatic Steam Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanisms and Merits 4. Steam Trap Selection Steam Trap Selection: How Application Affects Selection Steam Trap Selection: Understanding Specifications Steam Trap Selection: Safety Factor and Life Cycle Cost Traps and Orifices Part 1 Traps and Orifices Part 2 Casting vs. Forging Applications of Different Types of Steam Traps Don't Get Steamed : Selecting Steam Trap Design Understanding Steam Traps Compare Two Fixed Orifice Venturi Products to a Variable Orifice Free Float Steam Trap 5. Steam Trap Problems Is My Trap Leaking Live Steam? Temperature Control Trap Precautions Trap Installation Orientation Trap Back Pressure Double Trapping Group Trapping Steam Locking Air Binding My Steam Trap Is Good - Why Doesn't It Work? 6. Steam Trap Management Introduction to Steam Trap Management Steam Trap Losses - what it costs you A Guide to Steam Trap Testing Implement a Sustainable Steam Trap Management Program Impact Plant Performance by Improving the Steam System 7. Water Hammer Water Hammer: What is it? Water Hammer: The Mechanism Water Hammer: Cause and Location Water Hammer: In Steam Distribution Lines Water Hammer: In Equipment Water Hammer: In Condensate Transport Piping Identifying Water Hammer Using a Thermal Camera Mitigation of Water Hammer in Vertical Flashing Condensate Transport Piping Stop Knocking Your Condensate Return Steam Trap Management: Do Something; Anything. Please! 8. Risk Mitigation Steam System Optimization and Risk Mitigation Risk Based Methodology for Industrial Steam Systems Why Bad Things Happen to Good Steam Equipment Beware of the Dangers of Cold Traps Steam System Winterization: How to Protect Your Plant 9. Steam Quality Wet Steam vs. Dry Steam: The Importance of the Steam Dryness Fraction Separators and their Role in the Steam System Clean & Pure Steam Temperature Problems Caused by Air Removing Air from Steam Equipment Air Vents for Steam Steam Quality Considerations 10. Steam Distribution Best Practices for Condensate Removal on Steam Lines Installation Tips for Steam Traps on Steam Mains Erosion in Steam and Condensate Piping Corrosion in Steam and Condensate Piping Allocate New Plant Focus to Steam System Design—Part 1 11. Condensate Recovery Introduction to Condensate Recovery Returning Condensate and When to Use Condensate Pumps Condensate Recovery: Vented vs. Pressurized Systems Condensate Recovery Piping What is Stall? Methods of Preventing Stall Cavitation in Condensate Pumps Steam Heat Exchangers are Underworked and Over-Surfaced Allocate New Plant Focus to Steam System Design—Part 2 Optimize Reboiler Performance via Effective Condensate Drainage Vent Away Condensate Pump Frustrations in a Flash 12. Energy Efficiency Tips to improve steam plant efficiency Advice on Winter Preparation for Steam Systems Insulating Traps Steam Compressors Why Save Energy? Management Strategies for Conserving Energy Recovering Steam Clouds and Waste Heat Waste Heat Recovery Boiler Energy Saving Tips Steam Line Energy Saving Tips Steam-Using Equipment Energy Saving Tips Preventing Steam Leaks Handle Steam More Intelligently Optimize the Entire Steam System Use Available Data to Lower System Cost 13. Compressed Air / Gas Removing Condensate from Compressed Air Preventing Clogging of Air Traps Air Compressor Energy Saving Tips Improving Compressed Air Quality and Countermeasures Against Leaks 14. Other Valves Types of Manual Valves Bypass Valves Check Valve Installation and Benefits Pressure Reducing Valves for Steam The History of Steam Traps #2 Contents: In The History of Steam Traps Pt 1, we discussed the appearance of several different types of traps throughout the history of traps. The earliest of these was the bucket steam trap, which uses a buoyancy-based mechanical operation principal. After the bucket trap came the thermostatic bimetal trap, whose operation principal relies on differences in fluid temperature. This was followed by the appearance of the thermodynamic disc trap, whose operation principal is based on the phase change of steam -> condensate and the law of energy conservation. In this tutorial, we will discuss which types of traps from each operation principal category are widely in use today and the reasons for their popularity. Changes in Mechanical Traps Among mechanical traps, which have the longest history of all trap types, the first to be developed was the bucket trap, which is relatively simple to mass produce. In the bucket traps most commonly used at the beginning, the bucket faced upward ('open bucket') and did not have an attached lever to control the opening and closing of the valve. Instead, most were large traps in which the bucket itself floated up or down to open and close the valve. However, this type of trap soon fell out of use. In contrast, a style of bucket trap in which the bucket was attached to a lever was more widely used. This more compact type of bucket trap, in which the bucket faces downward ('closed bucket'), is still in use today. Float type traps contain a tightly sealing buoyancy device (float), but the appearance of the float trap had to wait until the processing technology necessary to manufacture the floats was developed. This happened in the years following the appearance of the bucket type trap. As condensate is continually discharged from a float type trap, leaving none to accumulate in the steam process, and the service life of a float trap is relatively long, this type of trap is in the mainstream of traps used today on equipment that requires large discharge capacities. Changes in Thermostatic Traps Due to the necessity of both housing a buoyancy device and providing sufficient space for it to operate inside the body, mechanical traps tend to be fairly large. The thermostatic trap was developed in response to the demand for a more compact trap. The thermostatic trap contains a temperature sensing mechanism. These are sometimes operated by a bellows or a bimetal ring, but whatever the mechanism, all have a very slow response. This sluggish response makes them unsuitable for use on heating processes that require rapid discharge of condensate. For this reason, one thermostatic type trap in use today is a bimetal type temperature control trap designed for steam tracers with a feature that allows the condensate discharge temperature to be set. In response to the drawbacks of the slow response of the thermostatic trap, a balanced pressure type trap whose operation principal utilizes the expansion and contraction of an encapsulated thermoliquid was developed. Changes in Thermodynamic Traps In reaction to the thermostatic trap, which though compact has problematically slow response, the thermodynamic trap was developed to meet the need for a trap that allows as little condensate as possible to accumulate. However, the impulse type that was very common in the beginning had large steam losses, so the disc type developed after that is the type that came into mainstream use. This disc type trap, which is not only compact and versatile but also has the advantage of having a relatively inexpensive initial cost, is the trap type that has been used in the largest numbers in the history of steam traps. The Continuing Evolution of Modern-day Traps The three types of steam traps discussed above are still in use today just as described, but what kind of evolution are these modern-day traps undergoing? The evolution of each type of trap focuses on further improving the special features of that particular type of trap. For example, many of the traps in use today feature an automatic air vent to automatically discharge the initial air at start-up. This feature achieves the aim of reducing both start-up times and the labor involved in valve operation. There are also models of traps for use on equipment that are equipped with high performance automatic air vents to remove hot air during operation. From the standpoint of ease of use, a model has also been developed that has a scale removal function to allow clogs to be removed without the need for disassembly. This feature has made it possible to clear clogs and restore normal operation right then and there as the clogs are found in the course of daily inspections, rather than needing to schedule later disassembly repairs or trap replacements. In this manner, steam traps are continually evolving in ways that are hidden from sight. Automatic Air Venting Feature Automatic Air Venting using an X-Element Automatic Air Venting using a Bimetal Ring Scale Removal Function The History of Steam Traps #1 How Mechanical Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanism and Merits Also on TLV.com Free Float® Steam Traps for Process Use Free Float® Steam Traps for Steam Mains and Tracer Lines Steam and Condensate Training Seminars Engineering Calculator