Steam Theory 1. Basics of Steam What is Steam? Principal Applications for Steam Types of Steam Flash Steam How to Read a Steam Table 2. Steam Control Problems With Temperature Control Steam Pressure Control Comparing Steam and Hot Water Heating Vacuum Steam Basics Vacuum Steam Heating Systems What is Vacuum Cooling? 3. Steam Heating Heating with Steam Steam Heating Mechanism Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient What is Vacuum Steam? Tracing the Causes of Heat Maintenance Issues 4. Basics of Steam Traps What is a Steam Trap? The History of Steam Traps #1 The History of Steam Traps #2 How Mechanical Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanism and Merits How Disc Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanism and Merits How Bimetal-Type Thermostatic Steam Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanisms and Merits 5. Steam Trap Selection Steam Trap Selection: How Application Affects Selection Steam Trap Selection: Understanding Specifications Steam Trap Selection: Safety Factor and Life Cycle Cost Traps and Orifices Part 1 Traps and Orifices Part 2 Casting vs. Forging Applications of Different Types of Steam Traps Don't Get Steamed : Selecting Steam Trap Design Understanding Steam Traps Compare Two Fixed Orifice Venturi Products to a Variable Orifice Free Float Steam Trap 6. Steam Trap Problems Is My Trap Leaking Live Steam? Temperature Control Trap Precautions Trap Installation Orientation Trap Back Pressure Double Trapping Group Trapping Steam Locking Air Binding My Steam Trap Is Good - Why Doesn't It Work? 7. Steam Trap Management Introduction to Steam Trap Management Steam Trap Losses - what it costs you A Guide to Steam Trap Testing Implement a Sustainable Steam Trap Management Program Impact Plant Performance by Improving the Steam System 8. Water Hammer Water Hammer: What is it? Water Hammer: The Mechanism Water Hammer: Cause and Location Water Hammer: In Steam Distribution Lines Water Hammer: In Equipment Water Hammer: In Condensate Transport Piping Identifying Water Hammer Using a Thermal Camera Mitigation of Water Hammer in Vertical Flashing Condensate Transport Piping Stop Knocking Your Condensate Return Steam Trap Management: Do Something; Anything. Please! 9. Risk Mitigation Steam System Optimization and Risk Mitigation Risk Based Methodology for Industrial Steam Systems Why Bad Things Happen to Good Steam Equipment Beware of the Dangers of Cold Traps Steam System Winterization: How to Protect Your Plant 10. Steam Quality Wet Steam vs. Dry Steam: The Importance of the Steam Dryness Fraction Separators and their Role in the Steam System Clean & Pure Steam Temperature Problems Caused by Air Removing Air from Steam Equipment Air Vents for Steam Steam Quality Considerations 11. Steam Distribution Best Practices for Condensate Removal on Steam Lines Installation Tips for Steam Traps on Steam Mains Erosion in Steam and Condensate Piping Corrosion in Steam and Condensate Piping Allocate New Plant Focus to Steam System Design—Part 1 12. Condensate Recovery Introduction to Condensate Recovery Returning Condensate and When to Use Condensate Pumps Condensate Recovery: Vented vs. Pressurized Systems Condensate Recovery Piping What is Stall? Methods of Preventing Stall Cavitation in Condensate Pumps Steam Heat Exchangers are Underworked and Over-Surfaced Allocate New Plant Focus to Steam System Design—Part 2 Optimize Reboiler Performance via Effective Condensate Drainage Vent Away Condensate Pump Frustrations in a Flash 13. Energy Efficiency Tips to improve steam plant efficiency Advice on Winter Preparation for Steam Systems Insulating Traps Steam Compressors Why Save Energy? Management Strategies for Conserving Energy Recovering Steam Clouds and Waste Heat Waste Heat Recovery Boiler Energy Saving Tips Steam Line Energy Saving Tips Steam-Using Equipment Energy Saving Tips Preventing Steam Leaks Handle Steam More Intelligently Optimize the Entire Steam System Use Available Data to Lower System Cost 14. Compressed Air / Gas Removing Condensate from Compressed Air Preventing Clogging of Air Traps Air Compressor Energy Saving Tips Improving Compressed Air Quality and Countermeasures Against Leaks 15. Other Valves Types of Manual Valves Bypass Valves Check Valve Installation and Benefits Pressure Reducing Valves for Steam Steam Trap Selection: How Application Affects Selection Contents: Given the large variety of steam traps and their operating characteristics, users may encounter some difficulty when trying to select the correct trap to most effectively drain condensate from their steam applications. Key trap selection considerations should include pressure and temperature ratings, discharge capacity, trap type, body material, and many other relevant factors. While it may seem daunting at first, this process can generally be separated into four easy-to-understand steps: Step 1: Determine discharge requirements of the steam trap application (e.g. hot or subcooled discharge), and select the matching trap type. Step 2: Select trap model according to operating pressure, temperature, orientation, and any other relevant conditions. Step 3:Calculate application load requirements and apply the trap manufacturer’s recommended safety factor. Step 4:Base the final trap selection on lowest Life Cycle Cost (LCC) The first article of this three-part series will focus on how the steam trap application affects the steam trap selection process. Steam Trap Applications Steam traps are usually required to drain condensate from steam piping, steam-using process and comfort heating equipment, tracer lines, and drive-power equipment such as turbines. Each of these applications may require the steam trap to perform a slightly different role. Different Steam Trap Applications Steam trap selection depends on the trap application. For Steam Distribution Piping The role of steam distribution piping is to reliably supply steam of the highest reasonable quality to the steam-using equipment or tracing lines. One of the most important roles of steam traps on steam piping is to help prevent the occurrence of water hammer. This is done by selecting a trap that is designed to prevent condensate from pooling, which means traps with little to no subcooling of condensate (i.e. rapid near-to-steam temperature discharge) should be chosen. For Steam-heated Equipment Because the performance of steam-using process equipment and comfort heating equipment (e.g. air heaters) is directly tied to productivity and product quality, it's important to select a trap that helps shorten start-up time and does not allow condensate to pool into the equipment, causing uneven heating, low heat transfer, and other similar problems. Traps that continuously discharge condensate are typically recommended for these applications. Such applications may also experience stagnant start-up air left over from condensed steam. As a result, an air venting function is also typically required in the trap to remove air and other non-condensable gases trapped in equipment and adjacent piping. Also, some steam-heated equipment might experience problems from a modulating steam supply valve (e.g. control valve) that adjusts for heat demand and subsequently lowers the delivered steam pressure below that of the backpressure. When this phenomenon occurs, the condensate flow “stalls”, and a different type of drainage device is needed. Under stall conditions, a combination pump and trap supplied with a higher secondary pressure is needed to power the condensate discharge through the trap (e.g. PowerTrap®). For more information on Stall, please read: What is Stall? For Tracer Lines Steam traps for tracer lines have different requirements because they are typically used with copper piping (because of its high thermal conductivity) to heat and maintain the fluidity of viscous fluids at temperatures below 100 °C (212 °F). A trap that has been designed to counter blockage from copper precipitate and that can efficiently use the sensible heat of steam/condensate is required. For Power-drive Equipment Power-drive equipment includes all turbines used in compressor, pump, or generator applications, but may also include steam hammers or wheels. In each power-drive application, condensate should be removed as quickly as possible for safe and effective operation, and should not pool inside the equipment to prevent damage. Summary Table of Applications and Steam Trap Requirements Application Trap Requirements Product Examples Steam Distribution Piping Tight seal to minimize steam leakage even with low condensate loads Unaffected by environment, even in adverse weather conditions Ability to vent start-up air and operating air Continuous condensate discharge to minimize pooling Unaffected by back pressure in return Non-blast discharge characteristics in open-drainage applications SS / FS series Steam-heating Equipment No Stall Continuous condensate discharge to maximize heating consistency and minimize pooling Unaffected by large variations in condensate load Ability to vent both start-up and operating air Ability to discharge condensate even at lowest available differential pressure and operate effectively against high backpressure Ability to 'fail open' so that condensate is discharged even if trap is damaged or worn Non-blast discharge to minimize piping erosion JX series Steam-heating Equipment Stall Same as above, except; No-subcooling condensate discharge from equipment to maximize heating consistency Ability to discharge condensate without steam loss regardless of NEGATIVE or POSITIVE differential pressure conditions May require other components to discharge condensate if system is damaged or worn GT series Tracer Lines High Temp. Compact and light Little to no subcooling Trap suitable for operation in all piping orientations Requires scale / copper precipitate removal function if frequent blockage SS series / LV21 / P46S Tracer Lines Low Temp. Same as above except; Subcooling preferred: to use steam’s sensible heat to achieve lower temperature LEX3N Power-driven Equipment Positive Pressure Tight seal to minimize steam leakage even with very low condensate loads Unaffected by environment, even in adverse weather conditions Ability to vent start-up air Continuous condensate discharge to minimize pooling Unaffected by back pressure in return Non-blast discharge characteristics in open-drainage applications JH / FS series Power-driven Equipment Negative Pressure Same as above, except; Ability to discharge condensate generated in vacuum condition May require other components to discharge condensate if system is damaged or worn System must prevent reversed flow GT series * Provided as a general reference. Please consult a steam specialist such as TLV if you are unsure about trap selection or piping design. After carefully evaluating the steam application discharge requirements and understanding which type of trap is most effective, the next step is matching steam trap specifications with operating conditions. For more on this topic, please read part 2. How Bimetal-Type Thermostatic Steam Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanisms and Merits Steam Trap Selection: Understanding Specifications Also on TLV.com Understanding Steam Traps Free Float® Steam Traps for Process Use Free Float® Steam Traps for Steam Mains and Tracer Lines Steam and Condensate Training Seminars
