Steam Theory 1. Basics of Steam What is Steam? Principal Applications for Steam Types of Steam Flash Steam How to Read a Steam Table 2. Steam Heating Heating with Steam Steam Heating Mechanism Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient What is Vacuum Steam? Tracing the Causes of Heat Maintenance Issues 3. Basics of Steam Traps What is a Steam Trap? The History of Steam Traps #1 The History of Steam Traps #2 How Mechanical Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanism and Merits How Disc Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanism and Merits How Bimetal-Type Thermostatic Steam Traps Work: A Look at their Mechanisms and Merits 4. Steam Trap Selection Steam Trap Selection: How Application Affects Selection Steam Trap Selection: Understanding Specifications Steam Trap Selection: Safety Factor and Life Cycle Cost Traps and Orifices Part 1 Traps and Orifices Part 2 Casting vs. Forging Applications of Different Types of Steam Traps Don't Get Steamed : Selecting Steam Trap Design Understanding Steam Traps Compare Two Fixed Orifice Venturi Products to a Variable Orifice Free Float Steam Trap 5. Steam Trap Problems Is My Trap Leaking Live Steam? Temperature Control Trap Precautions Trap Installation Orientation Trap Back Pressure Double Trapping Group Trapping Steam Locking Air Binding My Steam Trap Is Good - Why Doesn't It Work? 6. Steam Trap Management Introduction to Steam Trap Management Steam Trap Losses - what it costs you A Guide to Steam Trap Testing Implement a Sustainable Steam Trap Management Program Impact Plant Performance by Improving the Steam System 7. Water Hammer Water Hammer: What is it? Water Hammer: The Mechanism Water Hammer: Cause and Location Water Hammer: In Steam Distribution Lines Water Hammer: In Equipment Water Hammer: In Condensate Transport Piping Identifying Water Hammer Using a Thermal Camera Mitigation of Water Hammer in Vertical Flashing Condensate Transport Piping Stop Knocking Your Condensate Return Steam Trap Management: Do Something; Anything. Please! 8. Risk Mitigation Steam System Optimization and Risk Mitigation Risk Based Methodology for Industrial Steam Systems Why Bad Things Happen to Good Steam Equipment Beware of the Dangers of Cold Traps Steam System Winterization: How to Protect Your Plant 9. Steam Quality Wet Steam vs. Dry Steam: The Importance of the Steam Dryness Fraction Separators and their Role in the Steam System Clean & Pure Steam Temperature Problems Caused by Air Removing Air from Steam Equipment Air Vents for Steam Steam Quality Considerations 10. Steam Distribution Best Practices for Condensate Removal on Steam Lines Installation Tips for Steam Traps on Steam Mains Erosion in Steam and Condensate Piping Corrosion in Steam and Condensate Piping Allocate New Plant Focus to Steam System Design—Part 1 11. Condensate Recovery Introduction to Condensate Recovery Returning Condensate and When to Use Condensate Pumps Condensate Recovery: Vented vs. Pressurized Systems Condensate Recovery Piping What is Stall? Methods of Preventing Stall Cavitation in Condensate Pumps Steam Heat Exchangers are Underworked and Over-Surfaced Allocate New Plant Focus to Steam System Design—Part 2 Optimize Reboiler Performance via Effective Condensate Drainage Vent Away Condensate Pump Frustrations in a Flash 12. Energy Efficiency Tips to improve steam plant efficiency Advice on Winter Preparation for Steam Systems Insulating Traps Steam Compressors Why Save Energy? Management Strategies for Conserving Energy Recovering Steam Clouds and Waste Heat Waste Heat Recovery Boiler Energy Saving Tips Steam Line Energy Saving Tips Steam-Using Equipment Energy Saving Tips Preventing Steam Leaks Handle Steam More Intelligently Optimize the Entire Steam System Use Available Data to Lower System Cost 13. Compressed Air / Gas Removing Condensate from Compressed Air Preventing Clogging of Air Traps Air Compressor Energy Saving Tips Improving Compressed Air Quality and Countermeasures Against Leaks 14. Other Valves Types of Manual Valves Bypass Valves Check Valve Installation and Benefits Pressure Reducing Valves for Steam What is Vacuum Steam? Contents: Vacuum steam is the general term used for saturated steam at temperatures below 100°C.As briefly discussed in Principal Applications for Steam, both positive pressure steam and vacuum steam can be used in heating processes. The following article will discuss the properties of vacuum steam and its advantages over heating with hot water. The higher the pressure, the higher the temperature of saturated steam. At regular atmospheric pressure, saturated steam is roughly 100°C. Saturated steam generated from boilers, however, is generally much higher in temperature because it is generated at higher pressures. This steam (positive pressure steam) is therefore frequently used in industry for heating processes requiring temperatures above 100°C. Alternatively, producing saturated steam for heating processes below 100°C is also possible. Such steam is often referred to as vacuum steam because it requires pressures below regular atmospheric pressure. Vacuum steam is generally generated at higher pressures after which pressure is reduced by using equipment such as an inlet control valve. A vacuum pump is also usually used to help achieve lower pressures at start-up and enable the smooth release of condensate. Use of vacuum steam requires careful temperature and pressure reading. To determine steam temperature, referring to a steam table such as the one above is recommended. For example, through this steam table, we can see that if a process requires saturated steam at temperatures of 60°C or 90°C, saturated steam pressures should be set to 19.946kPa and 70.182kPa, respectively. Vacuum Steam vs. Hot Water Heating with vacuum steam offers the same advantages as heating with steam at temperatures of 100°C or higher: Property Advantage Rapid even heating through latent heat transfer Improved product quality and productivity Pressure can control temperature Temperature can be quickly and precisely established High heat transfer coefficient Smaller required heat transfer surface area, enabling reduced initial equipment outlay Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Tracing the Causes of Heat Maintenance Issues Also on TLV.com Steam and Condensate Training Seminars Saturated Steam Table by Pressure Steam Bulletin: Archive - Email Magazine